Since tumor blood flow is low compared to observed in other organs and bodily tissues, the increased affinity based on the ligands cannot compensate for the clearance processes [32]. Acad. Photobiol. Current mainstay treatment of cancer includes surgery, radiotherapy and chemotherapy, among which chemotherapy has been widely performed in clinic because of its simple and convenient process [1,2].However, there are still some significant limitations in cancer treatment using chemotherapy only. The advent of nanotechnology has revolutionized the arena of cancer diagnosis and treatment. Photobiol. The design of highly efficient nanocarriers that meet the requirements for a drug delivery vehicle is an intricate process. Natl. Proc. Dendrimers are multi-branched molecules with functional groups on the surface with an inner core. Moreover, nanomaterials can also be designed for increased drug loading, improved half-life in the body, controlled release, and selective distribution by modifying their composition, size, morphology, and surface chemistry. The cytotoxicity assay demonstrated that resveratrol conjugated poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) nanoparticles had two-fold lower IC50 and IC90 values in comparison to only resveratrol [253]. Scheme representing the formulation of doxorubicin loaded PEGylated liposome, and doxorubicin loaded lactoferrin modified PEGylated liposome (a); effect of cell viability of free DOX and the liposomal formulations evaluated by MTT assay in HepG2, BEL7402, and SMMC7721 cells at different time intervals (b); relative tumor volume of various liposomal formulations injected to tumor-bearing mice through tail veins every 7days at a dose of 5mg/kg DOX (c); change in the body weight of tumor-bearing mice after each treatment (d); image of tumors excised on 21st day from each treatment group (e); relative tumor volume at the time of sacrifice from each treatment group (f); tumor weight at the time of sacrifice from each treatment group (g). 140, 223228 (2015), M. Jannathul Firdhouse, P. Lalitha, Apoptotic efficacy of biogenic silver nanoparticles on human breast cancer MCF-7 cell lines. The study has shown the sustained and pH-dependent release, in which the volume of the tumor reduced compared tothe untreated control. ACS Appl. G4.0-polyamide amine-HEP-mPEG revealed precise release of doxorubicin and had prolonged retention compared to pristine doxorubicin in both Hela and fibroblast NIH3T3 cancer cells. Ligand density on the nanoparticles dictates the strength of avidity towards the substrate, so approaches used to conjugate ligands on the surface of nanoparticles are critical aspects of the targeted systems. Clin. Chemical affinity for active targeting is based on different specific molecular interactions such as receptorligand-based interactions, charge-based interactions and facilitated motif-based interactions with substrate molecules [41, 42]. Nat. 8(5), 565580 (2011), L. Sercombe et al., Advances and challenges of liposome assisted drug delivery. Ghaffari et al., Functionalization of ZnO nanoparticles by 3-mercaptopropionic acid for aqueous curcumin delivery: synthesis, characterization, and anticancer assessment. Carbon-based nanomaterials have also been extensively studied in imaging, delivery and diagnosis of cancer, due to their attractive characteristics such as high surface area, high drug loading capacity, and easily modifiable surfaces [7, 192,193,194,195,196,197]. Theranostics 4(8), 834844 (2014), M. Li et al., Enhanced synergism of thermo-chemotherapy for liver cancer with magnetothermally responsive nanocarriers. These features have led many researchers to load cargos on to mesoporous silica nanomaterials for transporting them to the tumor tissues [218,219,220]. Commun. 65(1), 7179 (2013), R.K. Jain, T. Stylianopoulos, Delivering nanomedicine to solid tumors. Zhu et al., Surface properties dictate uptake, distribution, excretion, and toxicity of nanoparticles in fish. Healthc. J. Nanomed. In a recent study, co-delivery of two chemotherapeutic agents (tamoxifen and imatinib mesylate) using a liposome carrier system was developed to treat breast cancer. It is well-known that the activity of the anticancer drugs is greatly attenuated by the time drug reaches the target, which can render the treatment to be ineffective and increase off-target effects. This major setback has led to the development of ligand-directed liposomes for active targeting and treatment of different types of cancer. 519(1), 352364 (2017), Y. Zhao et al., Methotrexate nanoparticles prepared with codendrimer from polyamidoamine (PAMAM) and oligoethylene glycols (OEG) dendrons: antitumor efficacy in vitro and in vivo. Progress in materials science and nanotechnology have brought nanomaterials-based formulations/drugs to the forefront of medical research, emerging as potential tools for cancer treatment and management. 122, 311330 (2018), H.K. Despite efforts to mitigate risk factors in recent decades, the prevalence of cancer is continuing to increase [1]. Offers up-to-date information on the target therapies used in cancer treatment. Release 261, 113125 (2017), X. Chen et al., Co-delivery of paclitaxel and anti-survivin siRNA via redox-sensitive oligopeptide liposomes for the synergistic treatment of breast cancer and metastasis. Colloids Surf. 334(2), 196201 (2013), K. Saha et al., Gold nanoparticles in chemical and biological sensing. Standish, J.C. Watkins, Diffusion of univalent ions across the lamellae of swollen phospholipids. Active targeting, also known as the ligand-mediated targeted approach, involves affinity based recognition, retention and facilitated uptake by the targeted cells (Fig. Res. At tumor sites, the vascular barrier is disrupted, and this enables nanocarriers to accumulate in the tumor tissue as depicted in Fig. 15(6), 21942205 (2018), M.U. Modulating rate of drug release in response to an activation signal constitutes an essential strategy to achieve controlled release purposes as well as maintaining effective therapeutic dosage over a stretch of time. Sci. Adv. ACS Nano 12(4), 37143725 (2018), M.A. 16(4), 12731304 (2017), Y. Chi et al., Redox-sensitive and hyaluronic acid functionalized liposomes for cytoplasmic drug delivery to osteosarcoma in animal models. J. It could also highlight a tumor's parameters and margins to enhance the precision of diagnostics. The surface charge of the nanoparticles is one of the leading factors to direct the interaction at the nano-bio interface [23]. 71(3), 14051414 (2015), Q. Pan et al., Lactobionic acid and carboxymethyl chitosan functionalized graphene oxide nanocomposites as targeted anticancer drug delivery systems. While a large number of very attractive exploitations open up for the clinics, regulatory agencies are very careful in admitting new nanomaterials for human use because of their potential toxicity. Entrapping doxorubicin inside the lipid material resulted in substantial reduction in the cellular and systemic toxicity of the drug, and resulted in improved pharmacokinetics for the drug, controlled biodistribution, and release [34]. 13, 34673480 (2018), J. Guo et al., Aptamer-functionalized PEGPLGA nanoparticles for enhanced anti-glioma drug delivery. 7(7), 1701143 (2017), Y. Wen, J.K. Oh, Intracellular delivery cellulose-based bionanogels with dual temperature/pH-response for cancer therapy. The development of nanotechnology is based on the usage of small molecular structures and particles as tools for delivering drugs. Rev. Yao Y, Zhou Y, Liu L, Xu Y, Chen Q, Wang Y, Wu S, Deng Y, Zhang J, Shao A. Shaik, A.S. Shaik, Magnetic single-walled carbon nanotubes as efficient drug delivery nanocarriers in breast cancer murine model: noninvasive monitoring using diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging as sensitive imaging biomarker. 1. official website and that any information you provide is encrypted Uptake was less effective with the negatively charged particles, however, indicating the role of negative surface charge on the nanoparticles, which can reduce the undesirable clearance by liver cells [111]. 29, 153162 (2018), X. Kim et al., Co-eradication of breast cancer cells and cancer stem cells by cross-linked multilamellar liposomes enhances tumor treatment. Google Scholar, M.U.R. Eng. Effect of OVA-iron oxide nanoparticles: macrophages activation with different concentrations of OVA, and production of a TNF-, b IL-6, c IFN-. Drug Deliv. This heterogeneity adds another layer of complexity to passive targeting. Persistent insoluble particles in in the environment can have far bigger negative effects than those revealed by human health assessments. 22(27), 1377313781 (2012), Y. Wang et al., Graphene oxide covalently grafted upconversion nanoparticles for combined NIR mediated imaging and photothermal/photodynamic cancer therapy. The ensuing section discusses major physicochemical properties of nanomaterials and their design considerations for therapeutic and diagnostic applications. These accumulated nanoparticles were captured and quickly cleared by macrophages resulting in suboptimal tumor cell internalization [47]. Similarly, PLGA nanoparticles were coated with polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) or vitamin E TPGS to evaluate cellular uptake by Caco-2 cells. 24(17), 24502461 (2013), M. Ma et al., Bi2S3-embedded mesoporous silica nanoparticles for efficient drug delivery and interstitial radiotherapy sensitization. Cancer 105(4), 561567 (2003), R.B. Thus, it is fundamental to engineer the nanomaterials to maximize their utility in biomedical applications. In addition to all the above, a significant setback in nanomedicine commercialization is the clinical translation due to the lack of in-depth understanding of nano-bio interfacial interactions.